Sustainable agriculture

Humes Battle Against Superstition †Theology Informal Essay

Humes Battle Against Superstition – Theology Informal Essay Free Online Research Papers Hume’s Battle Against Superstition Theology Informal Essay I often see David Hume shaking his head as he imagines island dwelling volcano worshippers or a procession of self-flagellating medieval monks. I see him sad, but with a chuckle of amusement as he contemplates what is, in his view, a useless and frivolous waste of human energy and effort. Hume is essentially a rational deist, and gives, in his work The Natural History of Religion, a brazen but brilliant account of the progress and regress of religion in the history or mankind. Although he spends a great deal of time on the development of polytheism into monotheism and its accompanying causes, he finally ends with a very strong stand on the influence of religion on morality. Hume believes that there is a rather universal principle-based morality that governs the correctness or incorrectness of the actions of men and that religion has used its various traditions to influence the stupid irrational man to superstitious and wasteful behavior. Although Hume obviously was not a strong supporter of religion per se, there is no doubt that he saw a god as the author of the universe. This conclusion, he says, he arrived at by the application of his reason- in other words, he viewed the design and order of the world and saw it as nothing else but the structured conception of an intelligent Creator with a definite plan and purpose. He was a deist- he did not necessarily believe that God was involved in His creation any longer, but that he certainly did create it. However, his conclusion, he emphasizes, is an extension of his reason- quite different than the fear that inspired mankind to believe in polytheism or even traditional monotheism. It is evident that Hume comprehended the existence of moral principles. He mentions a few of them as â€Å"virtues† in his work: â€Å"public spirit, filial duty, temperance, integrity† are, of course, not the offspring of religious tradition (181). The problem, he explains, is that, in the irrational religious view a man will do these virtuous things, but these they are not accredited to him as true goodness or morality on the account that it is simply his duty to do them. However, let him show extensive religious piety, such as whipping himself or fasting for days on end and he is a man of extensive moral fiber. Let it not be known that while doing so he deserted his family and let them starve, or even killed a man of another color in the name of his god. Such is Hume’s great objection to religious morality, and, in essence, the origin of the modern view of the negative effects of religion as a whole. The superstitions and traditions of religion often contradict or fly in the face of what we may comprehend as universal moral principles- such as the virtues Hume described, which are simply the natural products of honesty and love. These things- honesty and love- are two of the major universal principles from which all true morality derives. Now, one must honestly ask oneself, â€Å"What is this true morality?† Well, religionists may tend to think it is the will of God. They may think that whatever God says is moral, and whatever he objects to is immoral. Now, this may be true- but only in the reverse sense. In other words, God says what he says because it is moral. The will of God cannot be the only dictates of morality, or else what we are really saying when we say, â€Å"God is good,† is that â€Å"God happens to like himself.† Thus, God himself must be following these principles and they must be above Him. However, when those who submit themselves to a â€Å"god† who does not follow these principles begin to justify themselves morally by simply pleasing their deity rather than acting according to the eternal principles of love, honesty, etc., they ironically begin to act immoral- they follow the superstitions of their god’s priests rather than submit to their reason, which would lea d them to the true morality. A perfect example of this abandon of rational moral principles in the modern era was the September 11 attack on the World Trade Center by Islamic terrorists. These men, according to Hume, would be subjugating the principles of love to the radical superstitions of their â€Å"religion† that Americans are evil and deserve to die. Thus, they would be acting immoral and completely opposite to the virtues Hume emphasized- especially filial duty. On the other side, we have the Christian Crusades in the early part of the second millennium A.D. These men, under the flag of their religion and the idea that the followers of Islam did not deserve to live in Israel, completely forsook the principle of filial duty and love and killed countless Muslims. The September 11 tragedy shook the world and certainly caused a negative view of Islam. Many prominent figures had to repeatedly tell the world that the actions of the terrorists were not in accordance with the true principles of Islam, but still, the damage had been done, and regardless of what school of thought the terrorists embraced, they still took their actions under the name of their god. Although he may be incorrect about the existence of a god who is involved in the affairs of men, Hume is right about many things. The god who created this world is a rational, perfect being who never goes against the eternal principles by which he is God. The negative view of religion in the world is a direct reaction stimulated by the teachings and creeds of many stupid men who hold their superstitions dearer than their integrity and their love. For those who wish to be involved in a religion, then, the most important thing is to find the eternal principles (such as love and honesty) through reason, and then seek out that god who does not defy them- a god unlike Jupiter, who sleeps with any woman he chooses, and a god unlike he who directed the terrorists of last year to kill thousands of virtuous people. Certainly, Hume would find solace in a religion that defies irrational human behavior and places true and reasonable principles above any foundationless tradition or superstition. 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Physician Assisted Suicide (Utilitarianism vs. Right-Based Concepts) Essay

Physician Assisted Suicide (Utilitarianism vs. Right-Based Concepts) - Essay Example rights centered arguments is one that has been utilized by both opponents and proponents in support of their respective positions and these will be assessed in the paper. The paper will also assess assisted suicide through the utilitarian theory which elaborates on the ethical justification for a person to perform a right act if it will bear fruit to some good. Hence, in both ethical approaches the issue is controversial as it can be supported by both proponents and opponents of the argument using the same theory making it difficult to determine the appropriate position. This is a dilemma that is frequently associated with moral issues. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to illustrate the ethical arguments held by proponents and opponents of the rights based perspective to physician assisted suicide as well as the arguments presented by those for or against physician assisted suicide using the utilitarian theory. As mentioned above, the utilitarian theory implies that it is acceptable to perform an act that will lead to the greatest good. Hence, in cases of unbearable suffering in diseases that are incurable, physician assisted suicide will result in the greater good of relieving both the family members of the patient and the patient himself from unbearable suffering that will ultimately result in his death (Carr, 2010). Hence, the happiness that is gained through the relief of suffering patients of the patients justifies the lesser action of physician assisted suicide as the patients are already terminal and in the majority of cases death is inevitable. Physician assisted suicide can be in the form of lethal injection of the doctor prescribing the patient medication that would lead to the termination of his or her life. Hence, the summation of this action is that the doctor is minimizing suffering by prescribing lethal medication, and maximizing happiness by relieving the suffering which ma kes this an achievement of a greater good and in coherence with the

Place Value Lesson Plan 403 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Place Value Lesson Plan 403 4 - Essay Example This is very important as far as understanding this number system is concerned, if not re-enforced with the help of some visible and tangible objects it will appear difficult to the learners. To help students comprehend this concept the first and foremost teaching aid would be a number chart "hundreds/tens/ones". Once the student is taught to place numbers in this manner the concept becomes simple and students remember it life-long. At this stage the teacher needs to remember that the class room has students with different needs and capabilities therefore a good lesson should be rendered with the average student in mind .Teacher may use worksheets with number chart on it and ask students to place given numbers in various combinations. They can be written on the worksheet and also read out in class. This method will re-enforce student learning further. Sometimes number blocks help specially students who need special attention, because actually holding a number block in hand helps in concretizing the concept.

WHITE COLLAR CRIME Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

WHITE COLLAR CRIME - Essay Example within a corporate setting. Next, the crime is free of violence and aggression usually committed for personal benefits such as one’s economic and financial welfare and prosperity. In other words, a white collar crime could be a ‘combination’ of above mentioned factors in various instances. (Hasnas, p. 585, 2005) It should be highlighted that this crime differs from ‘state criminal law’ in a way that it does not involve physical violence or aggression that may directly damage someone else. Also, it does not about â€Å"murders, rape cases, prostitution, abduction, illicit drugs and narcotics† etc. neither it is about violation of another person’s core rights and interests or any other immoral activities. (Hasnas, p. 586, 2005) Some of the commonly observed examples of White Collar Crimes include cyber crimes (hacking, computer viruses and malwares, credit card fraud, misuse of financial information and bio data), fake bankruptcies, tax evasion through fake financial statements followed by monetary frauds with stakeholders, fake or misleading insurance covers, â€Å"antitrust law violations, healthcare issues, phone and telemarketing scams†, business and â€Å"environmental law violations, federal mail fraud, public corruption and embezzlements†, forwarding business secrets of an entity, common stock and security frauds with stockholders, â€Å"insider trading, bribery, counterfeiting, money laundering and economic spying†. (Conklin, 2007) and (Internet: Hg.com) The white collar criminal law primarily considers ‘federal mail fraud statute’ that emphasizes the fact that a person is involved in dishonest and immoral behavior when one intentionally or deliberately involved in violating code of conduct and organizational rules and regulations. In more simple words, it takes into account the fact that a person is dishonest or deceptive if does not provide services he or she has promised for in

Impact Of Smuggling In The Philippines Economics Essay

Impact Of Smuggling In The Philippines Economics Essay Raymond Palatino (2008), reports The extent and impact of smuggling in the Philippines that Smuggling is a serious problem that hurts the country in many ways. It deprives government of revenues from uncollected taxes and customs duties. It affects local industries by distorting prices of commodities. Smuggling causes production slowdown, which leads to mass lay-offs, reduced consumer spending, bankruptcies, and lower tax collection. Smuggling has especially benefited from weak governance and chronic political instability. The author further added that when the government reduced the tariff rates on imported articles, many economists and merchants expected a decline in smuggling activities. They believed the tariff reduction would have discouraged illegal importation of goods since there will be fewer taxes to pay on the part of importers. But even with reduced tariff rates, smuggling persists up to this day. From used clothing to shoes, second-hand and luxury cars, agricultural products, garments, ceramic tiles and jewelries, cheap smuggled contraband are flooding the local market, which wipes out the earnings of small honest traders. The author compared the import-export data; Data show the disparity of import-export figures between the Philippines and its trading partners. In 2000, trading partners reported that they exported $45-billion worth of goods to the Philippines, but government figures registered only $34-billion worth of imports. This means that more than $10-billion worth of goods were unaccounted, undervalued or misdeclared. In 2002, China exported 3.9 million square meters of ceramic tiles to the Philippines, but only 600,000 square meters were recorded in the Bureau of Customs. The following year, 4 million square meters of ceramic tiles were exported to the Philippines, but only 300,000 square meters were recorded in the BOC. From January 2001 to June 2003, authorities confiscated a total of 1,517,387 bags of smuggled rice worth P1.18 billion. Since 2006, a total of 100,000 smuggled vehicles were shipped into Subic Bay Freeport. Last year (2007), 4 billion liters of oil were lost to smuggling. The author concluded that Smuggling clearly destroys the local economy and exacerbates poverty in the country as manifested by the closure of local industries, decline in agricultural production, uncompetitive agricultural products, loss of jobs, unfair competition, loss of government revenues, heightened corruption in the bureaucracy, and risks in consumer welfare. Milton Ayoki (2003), explained in his Paper The hidden costs of doing business in Uganda that the problem of smuggling has been particularly serious for goods like petroleum fuels, cigarettes, sugar and other highly taxed or potential revenue sectors such as steel, leather, wood, textiles, bicycles and chemicals as major deterrents. The author further added that apart from the huge revenue losses involved, smuggling is killing local businesses and causing great inequality and other effect is that illegally imported goods are steadily displacing some locally produced goods in the market place. This is adversely affecting both employment and profit margins in domestic industries. Luk Joossens (2003), written in his article Vietnam: smuggling adds value that Internal British American Tobacco (BAT) documents have been explicit about the knowledge of cigarette smuggling into Vietnam. 555 cigarettes is the major smuggled brand and there is no doubt it has a tremendous image and sales potential in the country. The author added that BAT documents describe in a detailed way the smuggling route for 555: cigarettes were produced in the UK, shipped to Singapore, sold to importers and traders in Cambodia, and then transported illegally across the border to Vietnam. Joossens argued that the industry has always claimed that smuggling is the result of taxes being too high. UNDP (1995) viewed the taxes on opium exports to the mainstay of Taliban income and their war economy. It revealed that Afghanistan-Pakistan drugs exports were earning some 50 billion rupees (US $ 1.35 billion) a year. Alongside the drug trade, the traditional Afghans smuggling trade through Pakistan and now the Gulf States, expanded under the Taliban, creating economic havoc for the neighboring states. This trade was estimated be the largest trade source of official revenue for the Taliban and generated an estimated US $ 3 billion annually for the afghan economy; UNDP disclosed that through the customs officials in Kandahar, Kabul and Herat refused to disclose their daily earnings, but with some 300 trucks a day passing through Jalalabad and Kabul to the north, daily earning were considerable. The illegal trade in consumer goods, food and fuel through Afghanistan crippled industries, reduced state revenues and created periodic food storages in all neighboring countries. The World Bank (1997) report on Afghanistan Pakistan Trade Relations as a part of its watching brief strategy for Afghanistan, accounts for the total trade between Afghanistan and Pakistan at $2.5 billion in which the unofficial re-export from Afghanistan to Pakistan has the loins share. The study assessed that the long and porous border between the two countries, the need for basic goods in Afghanistans warn-torn economy, weak border controls, high import tariffs in Pakistan on goods prone to smuggling and the low cost risks were important reasons behind the large and growing unofficial trade between the two countries. This report further added that there was an evidence of expansion of official and unofficial trade in locally produced goods between the two countries, which was likely to increase substantially if there was peace and post-war reconstruction in Afghanistan. In Pakistan, the imports competing industries have been harmed. The study also estimated that the government of Pakistan had been loosing substantial revenues due to tax evasion and fungibility of routes through which un-official imports enter the country. Rashid (1999) in his book Taliban, recorded that the smuggling trade to and from Afghanistan became the most devastating manifestation of the losses being sustained by the government of Pakistan during the Taliban regime. According to him, this trade, which now extends to central Asia, Iran and Persian Gulf, represented a crippling loss of revenues for all these countries, but particularly Pakistan, where local industry has been decimated by the smuggling of foreign goods. Rashid elaborates further, What is euphemistically called the afghan transit trade (ATT) has become the biggest smuggling racket in the world and has enmeshed the Taliban with Pakistani smugglers, transporters, drug barons, bureaucrats, politicians, police and army officers. This trade became the main source of official income for the Taliban even as it undermined the economies of neighboring states. Rashid also points out that the border post between Chaman, in Balochistan province, and Spin Boldak, in Afghanistan, is a prime location for watching the rackets at work. His estimates accounts for 300 trucks crossing from Afghanistan to Pakistan on a good day. The goods which these trucks carry, have no invoice and cross up to six international frontiers without having route permits, driving license or passports. The consignments on these trucks range from Japanese camcorders to English under-wear and Earl gray tea, China silk to American computer parts, Afghan heroin to Pakistani wheat and sugar, East European Kalashnikovs to Iranian petroleum and nobody pays custom duties or sales tax. Inter press service, a news agency (2001), found Indian drugs to have found ways to Pakistani markets, adding yet another dimension to the cross border illegal trade to and from Afghanistan. The agency named aspirin, Amoxiline, Ampiciline, Corimaxazole, Laxotanill, Cyprafloxine, Renitidine, Fametidine and Cemedtidine to be selling in prominent medicines shops of the province. The agency further disclosed that unlike the settled areas, where the sale of Indian drugs was banned and those found guilty of conduct were liable to severe penalties, the tribal areas were quite immune to such repercussions. Like all other duty free smuggled goods, Indian drugs were evaluated by the agency to be 10 times cheaper than the drugs of the same brand and effect, produced by multinational companies (MNCs) in Pakistan. Citing reasons for this price disparity, the agency added that unlike India, where the MNCs were bound to use raw materials from India, the government of Pakistan allowed them to import raw materials from their parent countries which entailed heavy tariff duties. Similarly, quoting the findings of international regional office for Asia and pacific, the agency counted 26 commonly consumed drugs to have very high prices in Pakistan as compared to India. The agency while discussing the transportation of drugs, revealed that along with other goods, Indian drugs were smuggled into Afghanistan, to Pakistans tribal areas and then finally to Peshawar. The report also disclosed that Afghanistan received thousands of US dollars worth of medicines, each month, from Indian, under a bilateral agreement, but some unscrupulous agencies in Kabul were apparently making huge profits from selling them in tribal areas. The report further discovered that due to the mutual collusion of the MNCs, health department functionaries, and other government officials, the measure of the government to import drugs from china, Bangladesh, Bulgaria, Poland and Yugoslavia to counter the smuggled and low priced Indian drugs, has miserably failed. Awan (2001) put the Pakistan bound transit goods to Afghanistan at Rs 14.97 billion during 1998-99. Prominent among these goods were safety razors, worth Rs 120 million, cosmetics Rs 150 million, minerals water, Rs 200 million, electronics worth Rs 300 million and telephone sets worth 160 million. The report pointed out that this trade, which has been conducted for the last 50 years, fetched billions of rupees to the tribal traders, related to the afghan counterparts and as much to the Pakistani customs and other law enforcing agencies, who facilitated this black trade. Awan also disclosed that previously, for decades, these Afghanistan bound transit goods were leaked into Pakistani markets before reaching Afghanistan. Owing to strict regulations imposed on the transit trade, it was very recently that the Afghanistan bound goods, at least, started crossing the border and then re-exported illegally to Pakistan. Awan pointed out that due to the high financial stakes of various interest groups, law, customs and state machinery have lost their efficacy. Keeping the adverse fall out of the abuse of afghan transit trade agreement on the industrial sector of Pakistan, Awan suggested that other neighboring countries with sea-coast should also shoulder the responsibility of transit facilities to Afghanistan. The News, in its march 2, 2002 issue, reported that there has been an unprecedented increase in the smuggling of tea, spices and other utilities, through the afghan transit trade, during the last two years. This rise has been attributed to the massive under-valuation of these items at the countrys dry ports, especially Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Quetta and in other cities, which were basically established for providing facilities to the local traders at their door steps. The report added that these smuggled items are now openly sold at the Jodia bazaar, the traders from various parts of the country have opened their offices, which deal exclusively in smuggled items, mostly tea and spices through Quetta dry port into the city the dry ports established in various parts of the country have become a major source of smuggling, mis-declaration, under-invoicing, tax evasion and theft, detrimental to the government treasury, it alleged. The repot revealed that since 1988, the smugglers switched to smuggling of eatable products as they found this proposition to be highly lucrative. The smuggling of items originates from Dubai, via port Bandar Abbas in Iran, to Afghanistan and ends up into Pakistan. Probing the matter, the report discovered five percent increase in the custom duty during the 2001 budget, plus the total tax increase of 70 percent, to be the main reasons for the rise in smuggling. Daily Aaj, on 16 July, 2009 reported that during the year 2008-09, eight hundred million kg of tea is smuggled into the country, only 4.9 million kg smuggled tea is less then from the total imported tea. This year government losses Rs 5 billion in shape of tax evasion due to smuggling of tea. Through reliable sources, Afghan Transit Trade (ATT) is the main source of tea smuggling in the country. The total import of tea was 10 million kg during the period of July 2007 to June 2008. This was imported in one year from Kenya about 53.9 % while in previous year that was 61% from the same country. Which was 7% dropped in tea imports.

ICT and Its Impact on an Individuals Work and Personal Life :: ICT Essays

A report into how ICT has had an impact on an individuals working and personnel life For this report I decided to ask my mum how her life has changed since computers became involved daily in life. I wrote 10 questions each with questions incorporated to get a wide view on how it has had had an impact on her life. I asked my mum 'when did you first use a computer, and was it at the workplace or at home?' she answered 'I first used a computer at work because it was part of my new job' I then asked if she went on a course to help learn new skills and did she find it useful as follow up questions. She replied ' no, I wasn't given the opportunity to go on a course I simply had to teach myself it would have been a lot better if I had been on a course though. I then wanted to find out if she was comfortable about using ICT and if she was confident with it. I asked 'Was ICT a big change for you which you didn't really want to take because you found it intimidating, or did you relish the thought of learning new skills?' she answered ' yes I found it extremely intimidating as everyone else in my office new how to work a computer and I felt left behind. People also thought that because they knew I should so I found it very stressful' Next I wanted to know how much exactly had ICT changed her working life I asked if it had and she answered 'after a long time I have started to enjoy using the computer and I find it very useful At work Health and safety is a crucial part of a working place and regulations must be taken seriously so I asked 'how do you solve problems to do with health and safety? Are there any issues you feel strongly about and feel something should be done?' she replied 'I believe health and safety is very important and my workplace feels the same and are keen to address and problems'. I then wanted to know 'if any health and safety issues affected her personally on an everyday basis and what was done about them?' she replied ' no I don't have any they affect me on a day to day basis' Next I wanted to know how ICT helped her at home if it did at all. I wanted to know how often a computer was used for and how frequently if one was owned.

Capitalist Economy Essay

The right of private property means that productive factors such as land, factories, machinery, mines etc. are under private ownership. The owners of these factors are free to use them in the manner in which they like. The government may; however, put some restrictions for the benefit of the society in general; Freedom of enterprise: This means that everybody engages in any economic activity he likes. More specifically he is free to set up any firm to produce goods. Freedom of choice for the consumers: This means that people in a capitalist economy are free to spend their income as they desire. This is known as consumer sovereignty. Consumers are sovereign in the sense that producers produce only those goods which consumers are willing to buy. Profit motive: In a capitalist economy, it is the profit motive which forces or induces people to work and produce; Competition: Competition prevails among the sellers to sell their goods and among buyers to obtain goods to satisfy their wants. Advertisement, price cutting, discount etc., are found to be the normal methods of competition in any capitalist economy. Inequalities of incomes: There is generally a wide gap of income between the rich and the poor in the income which mainly arises due to unequal distribution of property in such economies. Merits of capitalist economy: The following are the merits of capitalist economy: 1.To attract the consumer, the producer is in a position to bring out newer and finer varieties of goods; 2.The existence of private property and the driving force of profit motive results in high standard of living; 3.Capitalism works automatically through the price mechanism; 4.The freedom of enterprise results in maximum efficiency in production; 5.All activities under capitalism enjoy the maximum amount of liberty and freedom; 6.Under capitalism freedom of choice brings maximum satisfaction to consumers; 7.Capitalism preserves fundamental rights such as right to freedom and right to private property; 8.It rewards men of initiative and enterprise; Country as a whole benefits through growth of business talents, development of research etc., Demerits of capitalism: The following are the demerits of capitalism: 1.In capitalism the enormous wealth produced is apportioned by a few. This causes rich richer and poor, poorer; 2.Welfare is not protected under capitalism, because here the aim is profit and not the welfare of the people; 3.Economic instability in terms of over production, economic depression, unemployment etc., is very common under capitalism; 4.The producer spends huge amounts of money on advertisement and sale promotion activities like fairs, exhibitions etc., 5.Class conflict arises between employer and employee and they will be paid low wages and this leads to strikes and lock outs; 6.Productive resources are misused under capitalism and they are used for the production on luxuries as they are bound to bring high profits; 7.Capitalism leads to the formation of monopolies and 8.There is no security of employment for the workers and employees under capitalism. Reference: http://classof1.com/homework-help/economics-homework-help/

Aerofoil Lab Report Essays

Aerofoil Lab Report Essays Aerofoil Lab Report Paper Aerofoil Lab Report Paper Theory When air is blown over an aerofoil, it separates into two distinct sets of tramlines above and below it separated by a dividing streamline. The shape of the aerofoil results in a particular air circulation pattern around it. This air circulation pattern results in the air above the aerofoil to have higher velocities than that below it. This generates higher pressures below the aerofoil and results in a net lift force that varies with the its angle of attack visa a visa airflow. As the angle of incidence increases, the point of flow separation moves forward towards the trailing edge of the aerofoil thus increasing the lift force. However, as the angle of attack increases, the rate of increase of lift force decreases. This pattern continues until the aerofoil reaches a point where the increase in angle of incidence no longer produces increase in lift force, this position is called the Stall. The theory also predicts that up to stall angle, the air circulation around the aerofoil is normal, it travels above and below the aerofoil from front to back. After stall angle however, a wake is formed above the aerofoil causing air above the aerofoil to recalculate to the front. Apparatus The apparatus used for this lab experiment consists of two ANACONDA aerofoil placed one in front of the other in a wind tunnel. One of the aerofoil, as seen in Figure 1, was lined with nylon tufts and had force balance amplifiers connected to voltmeters enabling measurements for lift and drag to be taken. The other one had pressure tapping above and below it connected to the series of manometers depicted in Figure 2. Both aerofoil were mounted on protractors that rendered it possible to change their angle of attack. Figure 1: Nylon tufts on top of aerofoil. Figure 2 shows manometers connected to pressure tapping on the second aerofoil. The manometers on the left represent the pressure sensors on the bottom while the ones on the right represent those on the top. The pictures represent the pressure distributions above and below the air foil when the angle of attack is 00, at stall, and after stall. Figure 2: Manometers showing pressure distribution on above and below aerofoil Before starting the experiment, the following risk assessment form was filled Risk Severity Probability Mitigation Mitigated Risk Eye damage from airborne grit Eye Protection to be worn near the working Section of the wind tunnel H-1 Electrical shock from mains electricity Stay away from electricity mains and do not touch if ones hands are wet H-1 Hearing damage from noise Ear Protection to be worn near the working Section of the wind tunnel Methodology -First, the protractor on which the aerofoil with tapping attached manometers was used to vary the aerofoil angle of attack. The effect this had on the manometers was observed. -To determine the velocity of airflow in the tunnel, both aerofoil (assumed to be sufficiently apart to not be affected by any disturbances) were set at an angle of attack of 00. The difference in the fluid level of two manometers was then used to determine the stagnation deflection . Which was found to be mm was then plugged in equation (1) to calculate the preference between atmospheric and stagnation pressure. (1) was calculated to be 137,34 kappa was the plugged into equation (2) to determine the velocity of the airflow in the wind tunnel. (2) Airflow velocity calculated was 1468 m/s. -The protractor of the aerofoil connected to the lift and drag voltmeters was then used to vary the aerofoil angle of attack from 00 to 200. Li ft and Drag voltage values measured for each angle were recorded and calibration coefficients of 6. 7 and 6. 4 were used to obtain force Newton values for lift and drag. The lift and drag forces obtained for each angle were then plugged into equations (3) and (4) to obtain lift and drag coefficients. Equation (5) was used to calculate a theoretical value for the lift coefficient. (3) A represents the area of the aerofoil The values obtained were then tabulated, graphed and compared. -The Reynolds number of this experiment was then calculated using equation (4) where c is the length of the aerofoil chord and is the dynamic viscosity of air. (6) Results -Equation (6) was used to calculate the Reynolds Number which equated to 1 19366. Discussion The graph in Figure 3 confirms the theory stating that as the angle of attack of n aerofoil increases, the lift force it experiences also increases until it reaches stall position. The graph clearly shows the lift coefficient steadily increasing with angle of attack. This is due to the fact that as that as angle of attack increases, the point at which the airflow separates into streamlines going above and below the aerofoil moves forward thus providing more lift force. Lift force continues to increase until the angle of attack reaches 130 marking the angle at which the aerofoil at stall. The graph shows that as the angle of attack increases from 00 to 30, the rate at which lift increases slowly decreases. This is dues to the fact that the point of airflow separation is starting to reach the trailing edge of the aerofoil. The geometry of the trailing edge causes lift to be transmitted less efficiently. The line representing the theoretical value of the lift coefficient does not show any change in the rate of increase of lift because it assumes the object experiencing lift force is an infinite flat plate. Thus, it assumes that there is no change in geometry. After 130 the lift force experienced by the aerofoil decreases while the drag force increases dramatically. This is due to the fact that at stall, the point of separation of the airflow streamlines travels beyond the part of the trailing edge that allows it to produce lift. Thus the lift force exerted on the aerofoil decreases. The more the angle of attack increases, the bigger the perpendicular area of the aerofoil to the airflow and the larger the drag force . The total resultant force applied on the aerofoil is composed of lift and drag. Therefore, if the resultant force on the aerofoil stays relatively constant, drag force will increase as lift decreases. The way by which the data from which the lift and drag coefficient nines are plotted has certain sources of inaccuracy. Errors could come from the inaccuracy of measurements taken to calculate the pressure head and the angles. Furthermore, major sources of inaccuracy are the voltmeters used as the values displayed were in constant fluctuation. Moreover, the airflow in the wind tunnel could experience fluctuations that affect readings. As seen in Figure 2, the theory was confirmed by the observation of the effect if changing the angle of attack of the aerofoil on the pressure distribution above and below it. As the angle of attack was changed, the manometers measuring the pressure above and low the aerofoil (above- on the left side, below- on the right side respectively) behaved differently. As the angle of attack increased to stall, the slow airflow created a high pressure below the aerofoil that pushed the fluid on the left side manometers down. Meanwhile, the fast airflow above the aerofoil created a relatively small pressure that lets the fluid on the right side manometers go up. This pressure difference creates a net lift force. However, as the angle of attack is increased above the angle of stall, the difference in pressure decreases and so does the lift force. The observation of the nylon tufts lining the top of the aerofoil demonstrates the theory that at stall the streamline separation at the edge of the aerofoil create a wake above the aerofoil. The nylon tufts are brushed by the airflow thus showing its direction. As seen in Figure 1, up to the stall angle, the nylon tufts were all brushed backwards by the airflow. After the stall angle, the tufts were less homogeneous and started to be brushed towards the front of the aerofoil. This indicates that a wake has formed above the aerofoil and is recirculation air towards the front. Conclusion Though there were some sources of inaccuracy, the experiment successfully supported theory.

Flags Of Our Fathers essays

Flags Of Our Fathers essays This book was about the histories and achievements of the six men who raised the American Flag over Iwo Jima in WWII. Their names were John Bradley, Franklin Sousley, Harlon Block, Ira Hayes, Rene Gagnon and Mike Strank. It is written by the son of John Bradley, the only flag raiser to live on a normal life after the war. There are three historical significances in this book and they are, for one, that there were 80,000 Americans and 20,000 Japanese on Iwo Jima. Secondly was the tactics of the Japanese in WWII. And thirdly, of how the attack on Pearl Harbor had mobilized America. The fact that there were 80 thousand Americans and 20 thousand Japanese in the battle of Iwo Jima gives the impression that it was an easy battle, with such overwhelming odds. But the Japanese were heavily entrenched and the Navy refused to help the marines attacking. 2 out of every 3 marines died in the conflict. An example of the carnage in the book was when a soldier found his friend in the battle and greeted him, only to later notice that his friend was dead, blown in half. When fighting the Germans, such people as medics or "corpsmen" were overlooked because they held status as non-combatants. The medics would wear red crosses on their helmets in order for the Germans to know who not to shoot...but while fighting Japanese they tried to keep as low profile as possible. This is because the Japanese would aim for the medics, because they thought that the more medics dead, the more soldiers would lie bleeding to death in the sand. And with prisoners of war, the Japanese were ruthless in their torture. The book gave a statistic of POW death rates, and Germany had one of 1.1%...Japans was 37%. Much like the attack on the world trade centers today, a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor mobilized the American Population. Enlistment was high, and even fifteen year olds would fake their ages in order to join the Marines. People would drive their cars...

Soccer in the USA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Soccer in the USA - Research Paper Example It is imperative that before the awarding of the FIFA Soccer World Cup hosting rights to Russian and Qatar for the 2018 and the 2018 edition rights, the United States had itself made its bid be known. In framing its bids, the US bid committee envisaged that the host cities for the world cup will benefit immensely in its socio-economic sectors. However, from previous debate and research of hosting of world cup in other areas, it has been proven that the impacts may be myriad depending on the circumstances. This means that, while other countries and cities have successfully hosted the FIFA Soccer World Cup and reaped the benefits of hosting it, others have miserably failed to realize any benefits. For instance, while it was believed that the World Cup 1994 hosted by the United States would bring massive economic and social benefits to host cities; analysis after the tournament was quite the contrary. After this particular tournament, the average city had reduced income as compared to the predictions of the benefits as opposed to what had been predicted. Just like hosting any other major event like Olympics, most bids to host the FIFA Soccer World Cup are made with economic benefits as the most desired results. However, from the onset, it is important to note that the computation of the economic impacts of these events rarely factor in the costs of putting up the venues for hosting the events. While the United States bid to hosts either the 2018 or the 2012 World Cup was mainly hinged on the fact that the nation would reap about US $ 5 billion in economic benefits, the results from other countries which have hosted such tournaments present a different picture. This is because in some of these nations that have hosted the Soccer World Cup such as more recently in South Africa 2010, hosting the event can have serious consequences on the public finances of these host cities. In South

Website Design. User Experience and Usability Essay

Website Design. User Experience and Usability - Essay Example 4). Interaction design is likewise defined as an aesthetic facilitation between human beings and products or services that are perceived with certain ‘awareness’ due to the microprocessors that can sense and respond to tabs and keys used as prompts and commands (Saffers, 2007, p. 4). Being engineered to respond to human beings, there are embed rules, methods, and scientific contextual nuances targeted at responding to problems and circumstances (Saffers, 2007, p. 4). With the recent influx of collaborative media, information technology and its software become essential in practicing ‘digitally mediated practices’ through collaborative action based on â€Å"cross-medial infrastructures (Parviainen, Tuuri, & Pirhunen, 2013, p. 103).† Computers for instance became more functional and have increasing became a necessity for daily use because it is engineered with disciplined design, structures, and communicative processes that are truly instrumental for in teraction and for online discourse (Parviainen et.al., 2013, p. 103). This is developed by people who invented interactive technology to hasten the â€Å"reduction of physical action and cognitive load of users (Lowgren & Reimer, 2013, p. 86).† ... ion technology-dependent persons because ideas evolved into digitized realities that have seemingly traced realities into digital forms (Moggridge, 2006, p. 1). Such is significant because it has scaled up entrepreneurial design for the development of technology (Moggridge, 2006, p. 1). For instance, a person, as a user of computer and or of the online social network, or of software programs embed in it will certainly be able to appreciate it when user is able to read and understand the methods and its application. These logical systems and methods or approaches must be read well to fully enjoy its functionality. Gube (2010) explained that user experience refer to the interfacing of system or a website generally detailing on human-computer interaction (p. 1). At its maximum, a tech experience can appreciate its utility if the technology can interact with human factors, produce accessibility, make use of it for marketing, do ergonomics and bolster system performance (Gube, 2010, p. 1) . As such, the web can be valued of its efficiency, services and creative functionalities (Gube, 2010, p. 1). Must be user-centered Gube (2010) asserted that the web engineering must be user-centered or must be tailored sensitively in accordance to the needs of the users or subscribers (p. 1). Gube (2010) defined user-centered design as technological architecture that is design to fit to the needs of users (p. 1). Business experts contended that a product can only jibed with utilitarian value when products are developed to answer the needs of clients or the market (Gube, 2010, p. 1). The sales of these goods cannot be appreciated when it lacks value and is bereft of meaning for clients (Gube, 2010, p. 1). That’s why technologies these days are modelled by its usefulness, multi-tasks